PLAPT

Closed weights Wolfram Research,ASC27,Newport High School,Sanskriti School 1.5M parameters February 2024

No estimate

No hardware requirements for this model

The weights for this model have not been published, so it cannot be downloaded or run on your own hardware at any size. It is reachable only through its provider, and no graphics card changes that.

On record

Full specification

Everything on record for this model. Most of it describes how it was trained rather than how it runs — useful context for judging how much work went into it, and how it compares with models built at a different scale.

Origin

Who built this model, where, and when it was published.

Organisation
Wolfram Research,ASC27,Newport High School,Sanskriti School
Organisation type
Industry,Industry,Academia
Country
United States of America, Italy, India
Published
12 February 2024
Authors
Tyler Rose, Nicolò Monti, Navvye Anand, Tianyu Shen

What it does

The problem areas the model was built for. A model can carry several of each.

Domain
Biology
Task
Protein-ligand binding affinity prediction
Base model
ChemBERTa,ProtBERT-BFD

Size

How large the model is and how much data it was trained on. Parameters are the figure that decides whether it fits on a given graphics card.

Parameters
1.5M

"Figure 3: The prediction module takes a 1792x1 feature vector as its input, which is then partitioned into two streams: The first stream processes the first 1024 indices of the feature vector through a 512-node protein-specific linear layer, followed by a ReLU activation function. Concurrently, the second stream processes the latter 768 feature indices through a similar 512-node moleculespecific linear layer, also followed by a ReLU activation. Outputs from both streams are concatenated into a…

Training data
tokens

Training set: 90,000 samples Tokens per sample: 3,200 (protein) + 278 (ligand) = 3,478 Total tokens = 90,000 × 3,478 = 313,020,000 (3.13e8) tokens

Epochs
60

Training compute

The arithmetic performed to train the model, measured in floating-point operations. It is a measure of what the training run cost, not of how fast the finished model answers you.

Training compute
3.9 × 10²² FLOP

1474624 connections; 90,000 training examples; table a4 mentions 60 training rounds 6*1474624*90000*60=47777817600000 Including base models: 8465436600000000000 + 3.9e+22 + 47777817600000 = 39008465484377820000000

How it was established
Operation counting

The training run

What it physically took to train: which chips, how many, for how long, and what that drew from the wall.

Training hardware
NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4060 Ti
Chips used
1
Power draw
174 W

How it is classified

Labels the source dataset applies when tracking notable models, and how confident it is in the entry.

Record confidence
Confident
Citations
8

Sources

Where this record came from and when it was last checked.

Reference
PLAPT: Protein-Ligand Binding Affinity Prediction Using Pretrained Transformers
Last updated
1 January 2026

What the numbers mean

Where it came from

PLAPT was published by Wolfram Research,ASC27,Newport High School,Sanskriti School, in United States of America, in February 2024. It comes out of industry,Industry,Academia.

It works in Biology, and is recorded as doing protein-ligand binding affinity prediction.

It builds on ChemBERTa,ProtBERT-BFD, which is why it shares that model's general shape and size.

Because the weights are not available, none of the hardware figures elsewhere on this site apply to it.

How it was trained

Producing it required around 3.9 × 10²² FLOP of arithmetic, on NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4060 Ti, which is a statement about the training budget rather than about inference.

Answers

PLAPT — common questions

01

How much compute was used to train PLAPT?

Around 3.9 × 10²² FLOP, on NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4060 Ti. That measures what producing the model cost and says nothing about how quickly it answers once trained — inference speed comes from memory bandwidth, not from the training budget.

02

What GPU do I need to run PLAPT?

None. PLAPT is a closed model — its weights were never published, so it cannot be downloaded or run on your own hardware at any price. It is reachable only through its provider.

03

Is PLAPT open source?

The licensing for PLAPT was never recorded in our source data. We treat unstated licensing as closed, because an unrecorded licence is not one to rely on.

04

How many parameters does PLAPT have?

PLAPT has 1.5M parameters. "Figure 3: The prediction module takes a 1792x1 feature vector as its input, which is then partitioned into two streams: The first stream processes the first 1024 indices of the feature vector through a 512-node protein-specific linear layer, followed by a ReLU activation function. Concurrently, the second stream processes the latter 768 feature indices through a similar 512-node moleculespecific linear layer, also followed by a ReLU activation. Outputs from both streams are concatenated into a single vector of 1024 elements. This combined vector is passed through a batch normalization layer with a momentum of 0.9 and epsilon of 0.001. The vector is then fed through the 512-node Linear Layer 1 and ReLU activation. A dropout layer with a probability of 20% is then applied to mitigate overfitting. Following the dropout layer, the prediction module continues to reduce the feature space with the 64-node Linear Layer 2 with ReLU activation, before reaching the single node Linear Layer 3. This layer outputs the predicted scalar value representing the normalized negative log10 affinity value, which is then un-normalized." (512 * 1024) + (512 * 768) + (512 * 1024) + (64 * 512) + 64 = 1474624. That figure is the total, and it is what decides how much memory the model needs — roughly half a gigabyte per billion at the compression most people use.

05

Who created PLAPT?

PLAPT was published by Wolfram Research,ASC27,Newport High School,Sanskriti School, based in United States of America, categorised as industry,Industry,Academia.

06

When was PLAPT released?

PLAPT was published in February 2024. Capability per parameter has improved considerably since, so a newer model of the same size is often the better use of the same hardware.

07

What is PLAPT used for?

PLAPT works in Biology, and is recorded as handling protein-ligand binding affinity prediction. A model can carry several of each, so these are the areas it was built for rather than a limit on what it will attempt.

Source

Original publication

Record last updated 1 January 2026

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