Rotation
No estimate
No hardware requirements for this model
The weights for this model have not been published, so it cannot be downloaded or run on your own hardware at any size. It is reachable only through its provider, and no graphics card changes that.
On record
Full specification
Everything on record for this model. Most of it describes how it was trained rather than how it runs — useful context for judging how much work went into it, and how it compares with models built at a different scale.
Origin
Who built this model, where, and when it was published.
- Organisation
- École des Ponts ParisTech
- Organisation type
- Academia
- Country
- France
- Published
- 21 March 2018
- Authors
- Spyros Gidaris, Praveer Singh, Nikos Komodakis
What it does
The problem areas the model was built for. A model can carry several of each.
- Domain
- Image generation, Vision
- Task
- Image completion
Size
How large the model is and how much data it was trained on. Parameters are the figure that decides whether it fits on a given graphics card.
- Parameters
- 86M
- Training data
- 5,120,000 tokens
https://openai.com/blog/image-gpt/#rfref53
How it is classified
Labels the source dataset applies when tracking notable models, and how confident it is in the entry.
- Citations
- 3,575
Sources
Where this record came from and when it was last checked.
- Reference
- Unsupervised Representation Learning by Predicting Image Rotations
- Last updated
- 25 May 2026
What the numbers mean
What this model is
Rotation was published by École des Ponts ParisTech, in France, in March 2018. It comes out of academia.
It works in Image generation, Vision, and is recorded as doing image completion.
Because the weights are not available, none of the hardware figures elsewhere on this site apply to it.
Training and provenance
The training set ran to roughly 5,120,000 tokens.
Answers
Rotation — common questions
What GPU do I need to run Rotation?
None. Rotation is a closed model — its weights were never published, so it cannot be downloaded or run on your own hardware at any price. It is reachable only through its provider.
Is Rotation open source?
The licensing for Rotation was never recorded in our source data. We treat unstated licensing as closed, because an unrecorded licence is not one to rely on.
How many parameters does Rotation have?
Rotation has 86M parameters. https://openai.com/blog/image-gpt/#rfref53. That figure is the total, and it is what decides how much memory the model needs — roughly half a gigabyte per billion at the compression most people use.
Who created Rotation?
Rotation was published by École des Ponts ParisTech, based in France, categorised as academia.
When was Rotation released?
Rotation was published in March 2018. Capability per parameter has improved considerably since, so a newer model of the same size is often the better use of the same hardware.
What is Rotation used for?
Rotation works in Image generation, Vision, and is recorded as handling image completion. A model can carry several of each, so these are the areas it was built for rather than a limit on what it will attempt.
The other direction
Looking at it from the other side?
This page starts from the model. If you already own a card and want to know everything it will run, start from the hardware instead.