ELMo
No estimate
No hardware requirements for this model
The weights for this model have not been published, so it cannot be downloaded or run on your own hardware at any size. It is reachable only through its provider, and no graphics card changes that.
On record
Full specification
Everything on record for this model. Most of it describes how it was trained rather than how it runs — useful context for judging how much work went into it, and how it compares with models built at a different scale.
Origin
Who built this model, where, and when it was published.
- Organisation
- University of Washington,Allen Institute for AI
- Organisation type
- Academia,Research collective
- Country
- United States of America
- Published
- 1 February 2018
- Authors
- Matthew E. Peters, Mark Neumann, Mohit Iyyer, Matt Gardner, Christopher Clark, Kenton Lee, Luke Zettlemoyer
What it does
The problem areas the model was built for. A model can carry several of each.
- Domain
- Language
- Task
- Question answering, Sentiment classification, Language modeling
- Approach
- Self-supervised learning
Size
How large the model is and how much data it was trained on. Parameters are the figure that decides whether it fits on a given graphics card.
- Parameters
- 94M
- Training data
- 2,000,000,000 tokens
Training compute
The arithmetic performed to train the model, measured in floating-point operations. It is a measure of what the training run cost, not of how fast the finished model answers you.
- Training compute
- 3.3 × 10¹⁵ FLOP
- How it was established
- Third-party estimation
3300e12 - https://github.com/amirgholami/ai_and_memory_wall
How it is classified
Labels the source dataset applies when tracking notable models, and how confident it is in the entry.
- Why it is tracked
- Highly cited
- Record confidence
- Speculative
- Citations
- 12,156
Sources
Where this record came from and when it was last checked.
- Reference
- Deep contextualized word representations
- Last updated
- 25 May 2026
What the numbers mean
Background
ELMo was published by University of Washington,Allen Institute for AI, in the country recorded as United States of America, during February 2018. The category the publisher falls under is academia,Research collective.
It works in the domain of Language, and is recorded as performing the task of question answering, Sentiment classification, Language modeling.
This is a closed model: the trained values stayed with whoever produced them, and there is no local version to run.
What went into building it
Producing it required arithmetic totalling around 3.3 × 10¹⁵ FLOP. That figure measures what producing the model cost, and has no bearing on how fast it answers.
The training set ran to roughly 2,000,000,000 tokens of text.
The reason it appears in this catalogue at all: highly cited.
Answers
ELMo — common questions
ELMo— what GPU do I need to run it?
None. This is a closed model — its weights were never published, so it cannot be downloaded or run on your own hardware at any price. It is reachable only through its provider.
ELMo— is it open source?
The licensing was never recorded in our source data. We treat unstated licensing as closed, because an unrecorded licence is not one to rely on.
ELMo— how many parameters does it have?
It has a parameter count of 94M. That figure is the total, and it is what decides how much memory the model needs — roughly half a gigabyte per billion at the compression most people use.
ELMo— who created it?
It was published by University of Washington,Allen Institute for AI, based in United States of America, an organisation categorised as academia,Research collective.
ELMo— when was it released?
It was published in February 2018. Capability per parameter has improved considerably since, so a newer model of the same size is often the better use of the same hardware.
ELMo— what is it used for?
It works in the domain of Language, and is recorded as handling the task of question answering, Sentiment classification, Language modeling. A model can carry several of each, so these are the areas it was built for rather than a limit on what it will attempt.
ELMo— how much compute was used to train it?
Training consumed around 3.3 × 10¹⁵ FLOP. That measures what producing the model cost and says nothing about how quickly it answers once trained — inference speed comes from memory bandwidth, not from the training budget.
The other direction
Looking at it from the other side?
This page starts from the model. If you already own a card and want to know everything it will run, start from the hardware instead.