s1 TPS calculator

Open weights Stanford University,University of Washington,Allen Institute for AI,Contextual AI 32B parameters January 2025

Each card below is assessed against this model at the context length and minimum quality you choose. Speed is an estimate for a single request, calculated from the card's memory bandwidth and the size of the model once compressed.

Calculated for this model

132 cards that can run it

818 cards we hold specifications for

Smallest card that fits

RTX A4500

20 GB · Q3_K_M · 22.9 tok/s

Fastest card

B200

106 tok/s · 180 GB

Which GPUs can run s1?

Set the inputs, read the answer

Context length tokens

A longer conversation needs more memory, which can push this model off smaller cards.

Minimum quality

Hides cards that would only fit the model by compressing it below this point.

Search cards

Card memory

Also show cards that cannot run it

132 cards match

Calculating

					Needs	Quantisation	Fit
106 tok/s 64–169 · low confidence	B200 NVIDIA	180 GB	8,000 GB/s	Jan 2024	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable
106 tok/s 64–169 · low confidence	B300 NVIDIA	288 GB	8,000 GB/s	Sep 2025	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable
84.6 tok/s 51–135 · low confidence	Radeon Instinct MI350X AMD	288 GB	8,190 GB/s	Jan 2025	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable
84.6 tok/s 51–135 · low confidence	Radeon Instinct MI355X AMD	288 GB	8,190 GB/s	Jan 2025	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable
67.6 tok/s 41–108 · low confidence	Radeon Instinct MI300 AMD	128 GB	6,550 GB/s	Jan 2023	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable
64.7 tok/s 39–104 · low confidence	H200 NVL NVIDIA	141 GB	4,890 GB/s	Nov 2024	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable
64.7 tok/s 39–104 · low confidence	H200 SXM 141 GB NVIDIA	141 GB	4,890 GB/s	Nov 2024	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable
61.9 tok/s 37–99 · low confidence	Radeon Instinct MI325X AMD	256 GB	6,000 GB/s	Oct 2024	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable
55.0 tok/s 33–88 · low confidence	Radeon Instinct MI300A AMD	128 GB	5,325 GB/s	Dec 2023	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable
55.0 tok/s 33–88 · low confidence	Radeon Instinct MI300X AMD	192 GB	5,325 GB/s	Dec 2023	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable
55.0 tok/s 33–88 · low confidence	Radeon Instinct MI308X AMD	192 GB	5,325 GB/s	Dec 2023	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable
52.2 tok/s 31–83 · low confidence	H100 NVL 94 GB NVIDIA	94 GB	3,940 GB/s	Mar 2023	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable
44.5 tok/s 27–71 · low confidence	H100 PCIe 96 GB NVIDIA	96 GB	3,360 GB/s	Mar 2023	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable
44.5 tok/s 27–71 · low confidence	H100 SXM5 80 GB NVIDIA	80 GB	3,360 GB/s	Oct 2022	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable
44.5 tok/s 27–71 · low confidence	H100 SXM5 94 GB NVIDIA	94 GB	3,360 GB/s	Mar 2023	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable
44.5 tok/s 27–71 · low confidence	H100 SXM5 96 GB NVIDIA	96 GB	3,360 GB/s	Mar 2023	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable
44.5 tok/s 27–71 · low confidence	H800 SXM5 NVIDIA	80 GB	3,360 GB/s	Mar 2023	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable
40.9 tok/s 25–66 · low confidence	GeForce RTX 5090 D V2 NVIDIA	24 GB	1,340 GB/s	Aug 2025	20.1 GB	Q4_K_M	Tight
37.3 tok/s 22–60 · low confidence	A30X NVIDIA	24 GB	1,220 GB/s	Apr 2021	20.1 GB	Q4_K_M	Tight
36.0 tok/s 22–58 · low confidence	DRIVE A100 PROD NVIDIA	32 GB	1,870 GB/s	May 2020	27.5 GB	Q6_K	Tight
36.0 tok/s 22–58 · low confidence	GRID A100A NVIDIA	32 GB	1,870 GB/s	May 2020	27.5 GB	Q6_K	Tight
34.4 tok/s 21–55 · low confidence	GeForce RTX 5090 NVIDIA	32 GB	1,790 GB/s	Jan 2025	27.5 GB	Q6_K	Tight
34.4 tok/s 21–55 · low confidence	GeForce RTX 5090 D NVIDIA	32 GB	1,790 GB/s	Jan 2025	27.5 GB	Q6_K	Tight
33.9 tok/s 20–54 · low confidence	Radeon Instinct MI250 AMD	128 GB	3,280 GB/s	Nov 2021	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable
33.9 tok/s 20–54 · low confidence	Radeon Instinct MI250X AMD	128 GB	3,280 GB/s	Nov 2021	35.0 GB	Q8_0	Comfortable

Speeds are estimates for a single request — one conversation at a time — calculated from memory bandwidth, model size and quantisation. Real throughput varies with the inference runtime and its version. Figures published by hardware vendors measure many simultaneous requests and are much higher.

On record

Full specification

Everything on record for this model. Most of it describes how it was trained rather than how it runs — useful context for judging how much work went into it, and how it compares with models built at a different scale.

Origin

Who built this model, where, and when it was published.

Organisation: Stanford University,University of Washington,Allen Institute for AI,Contextual AI
Organisation type: Academia,Academia,Research collective,Industry
Country: United States of America
Published: 14 January 2025
Authors: Niklas Muennighoff, Zitong Yang, Weijia Shi, Xiang Lisa Li, Li Fei-Fei, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Luke Zettlemoyer, Percy Liang, Emmanuel Candès, Tatsunori Hashimoto

What it does

The problem areas the model was built for. A model can carry several of each.

Domain: Language
Task: Language modeling/generation, Question answering, Quantitative reasoning
Base model: Qwen2.5 Instruct (72B)

Size

How large the model is and how much data it was trained on. Parameters are the figure that decides whether it fits on a given graphics card.

Parameters: 32B
Training data: tokens
Epochs: 5

Training compute

The arithmetic performed to train the model, measured in floating-point operations. It is a measure of what the training run cost, not of how fast the finished model answers you.

How it was established: Hardware,Operation counting
Fine-tuning compute: 5.8 × 10¹⁸ FLOP

The training run

What it physically took to train: which chips, how many, for how long, and what that drew from the wall.

Training hardware: NVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB
Chips used: 16
Wall-clock time: 0 hours
Power draw: 22.0 kW

Availability

Whether you can obtain the model and run it on your own hardware, which is what decides if any of the graphics-card figures on this page apply.

Weights: Open — downloadable
Model access: Open weights (unrestricted)
Training code: Open source
Hugging Face: simplescaling

How it is classified

Labels the source dataset applies when tracking notable models, and how confident it is in the entry.

Record confidence: Confident
Citations: 1,219

Sources

Where this record came from and when it was last checked.

Reference: s1: Simple test-time scaling
Last updated: 25 May 2026

The extremes

The ten fastest GPUs that run s1

Ranked by estimated tokens per second, newest card first where speeds tie. Because generation is bound by memory bandwidth, this ordering follows bandwidth rather than any gaming benchmark.

The smallest GPUs that still run s1

The cheapest route in, by memory capacity. A tight fit runs the model but leaves nothing spare for a longer conversation.

What the numbers mean

What you need to run it

Minimum card

RTX A4500

Memory needed

16.3 GB

Fastest

106 tok/s

With 32B parameters, s1 lands in the range a serious desktop card can handle once the weights are compressed. 132 of the cards we track can run it.

The least hardware that works is a RTX A4500. Its 20 GB is enough at Q3_K_M compression, giving roughly 22.9 tokens per second.

Top of the range is the B200, at roughly 106 tokens per second thanks to 8,000 GB/s of bandwidth.

About this model

s1 was published by Stanford University,University of Washington,Allen Institute for AI,Contextual AI, in United States of America, in January 2025. academia,Academia,Research collective,Industry is the category the publisher falls under.

It works in Language, and is recorded as doing language modeling/generation, Question answering, Quantitative reasoning.

It is derived from Qwen2.5 Instruct (72B) rather than trained from scratch, which is the usual way a specialised model is produced.

The weights are published, so it can be downloaded and run on your own hardware indefinitely, offline, with no account attached. It is published under the simplescaling organisation on Hugging Face.

How fast it runs, and why

Across every card that can run it, the middle of the range is about 20.7 tokens per second, and 103 of them clear the ten tokens per second that roughly matches reading speed.

Every weight participates in every token here, so bandwidth is the whole story: the ranking below is effectively a ranking of memory throughput.

Memory here is estimated from size rather than computed from the architecture, which is not recorded for this model — the numbers are indicative rather than exact.

Step by step

How to choose a GPU for s1

The table above has already assessed every card we hold specifications for against this model. Getting to your answer takes six steps.

01

Read the memory figure first

Look at what s1 actually needs — around 16.3 GB at Q3_K_M. No amount of processing power compensates for a card that cannot hold it.
02

Set the context length you will work at

The conversation occupies memory too, and grows as it goes. Set the slider to the length you expect: at long context s1 can slip off a card that handles short questions easily.
03

Choose how far you will compress it

Compression is what makes s1 fit smaller cards, at some cost in accuracy — Q3_K_M on the smallest card that fits. A minimum quality removes the ones that go too far.
04

Sort by speed

The speed ordering for s1 is effectively an ordering by memory bandwidth, which is why the B200 tops it at 106 tok/s.
05

Look at the headroom, not just the fit

The fit column separates cards that just manage s1 from those with room to spare. Buy for the second if the context might grow.
06

Open the card you have settled on

Following a card through to its own page shows every other model it can hold, which is the question that follows once s1 is settled.

Answers

s1 — common questions

What GPU do I need to run s1?

The smallest card in our catalogue that holds s1 is the RTX A4500, with 20 GB of memory. It runs the model at Q3_K_M using about 16.3 GB, and produces roughly 22.9 tokens per second. 132 cards in total can run it.

How fast is s1 on a GPU?

It depends on the card. The quickest we calculate is a B200 at about 106 tokens per second; the slowest that still runs it manages considerably less. Reading speed is around ten tokens per second, and 103 of the cards that can run s1 clear that.

How much VRAM does s1 need?

About 16.3 GB at Q3_K_M compression, which is what the smallest card that runs it uses. Less compression needs more: the figures in the memory column above are recalculated for each card, because each one holds the least-compressed version it can.

Can I run s1 on a 24 GB GPU?

Yes. A GeForce RTX 5090 D V2 with 24 GB runs it at Q4_K_M, using about 20.1 GB and generating roughly 40.9 tokens per second — a tight fit.

Is s1 open source?

Its weights are published, so s1 can be downloaded and run on your own hardware. Note that open weights is not the same as open source in the full sense — it says nothing about the training data, the training code, or the commercial terms attached.

How many parameters does s1 have?

s1 has 32B parameters. 32B. That figure is the total, and it is what decides how much memory the model needs — roughly half a gigabyte per billion at the compression most people use.

Who created s1?

s1 was published by Stanford University,University of Washington,Allen Institute for AI,Contextual AI, based in United States of America, categorised as academia,Academia,Research collective,Industry.

When was s1 released?

s1 was published in January 2025.

What is s1 used for?

s1 works in Language, and is recorded as handling language modeling/generation, Question answering, Quantitative reasoning. A model can carry several of each, so these are the areas it was built for rather than a limit on what it will attempt.

Where can I download s1?

Its weights are published under the simplescaling organisation on Hugging Face. We do not host model files — this site calculates what hardware is needed to run them.

Can I run s1 if it does not fit in my GPU?

Only by offloading, which is usually a false economy: the part in system memory drags the whole thing down — the nearest miss we calculate is short by 5.7 GB. Our figures for s1 assume it is fully resident.

Would two GPUs run s1 faster?

A second card roughly doubles the memory available but not the generation rate. With 132 cards already able to run s1 alone, the case for pairing is weak.

Why does the quantisation differ between cards for s1?

Each card is shown running the least-compressed copy it can hold, and s1 appears at 5 different compression levels across the cards that fit it. Bigger cards get the more accurate version.

How accurate are these s1 speed estimates?

These are estimates with real error bars. The fastest result here, 64–169 tok/s on the B200, could reasonably land anywhere in its published range depending on which runtime you use.

Source

Original publication

Record last updated 25 May 2026

The other direction

Looking at it from the other side?

This page starts from the model. If you already own a card and want to know everything it will run, start from the hardware instead.

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